Let $S= \{e_1,\,e_2‎, ‎\ldots,\,e_m\}$ be an ordered subset of edges of a connected graph $G$‎. ‎The edge $S$-representation of an edge set $M\subseteq E(G)$ with respect to $S$ is the‎ ‎vector $r_e(M|S) = (d_1,\,d_2,\ldots,\,d_m)$‎, ‎where $d_i=1$ if $e_i\in M$ and $d_i=0$‎ ‎otherwise‎, ‎for each $i\in\{1,\ldots‎ , ‎k\}$‎. ‎We say $S$ is a global forcing set for maximal matchings of $G$‎ ‎if $...

The idea of “forcing” has long been used in many research fields, such as colorings, orientations, geodetics and dominating sets in graph theory, as well as Latin squares, block designs and Steiner systems in combinatorics (see [1] and the references therein). Recently, the forcing on perfect matchings has been attracting more researchers attention. A forcing set of M is a subset of M contained...

the idea of “forcing” has long been used in many research fields, such as colorings, orientations, geodetics and dominating sets in graph theory, as well as latin squares, block designs and steiner systems in combinatorics (see [1] and the references therein). recently, the forcing on perfect matchings has been attracting more researchers attention. a forcing set of m is a subset of m contained...

The investigation of impact of fuzzy sets on zero forcing set is the main aim of this paper. According to this, results lead us to a new concept which we introduce it as Fuzzy Zero Forcing Set (FZFS). We propose this concept and suggest a polynomial time algorithm to construct FZFS. Further more we compute the propagation time of FZFS on fuzzy graphs. This concept can be more efficient to model...

We introduce and study the first-order Generic Vopěnka’s Principle, which states that for every definable proper class of structures C of the same type, there exist B 6= A in C such that B elementarily embeds into A in some set-forcing extension. We show that, for n ≥ 1, the Generic Vopěnka’s Principle fragment for Πn-definable classes is equiconsistent with a proper class of n-remarkable cardi...

Various theorems for the preservation of set-theoretic axioms under forcing are proved, regarding both forcing axioms and axioms true in the Levy-Collapse. These show in particular that certain applications of forcing axioms require to add generic countable sequences high up in the set-theoretic hierarchy even before collapsing everything down to א1. Later we give applications, among them the c...

We give characterizations for the (in ZFC unprovable) sentences “Every Σ12–set is measurable” and “Every ∆ 1 2–set is measurable” for various notions of measurability derived from well–known forcing partial orderings.

By the technique of forcing, some new independence results are proved for the alternative set theory (AST) and similar weak theories: The scheme of choice is independent both of AST and of second order arithmetic, axiom of constructibility is independent of AST plus schemes of choice.